Environment and Energy Security
The VRB® represents a transformative step forward in clean technology – an industrial-size battery with virtually no environmental impact.
Unlike other large battery systems, the VRB-ESS® contains no heavy metals such as lead, nickel, zinc or cadmium, nor are there any halides (consistent with the Kyoto Accord). The system can be recharged at high rates in a fraction of the time required for lead-acid batteries. What's more, electrolytes used in the VRB-ESS® have indefinite life – they are 100% reusable, reducing waste and eliminating disposal headaches.
Environmental permitting is straightforward, with permits typically received 75-90 days from application. In terms of land use, the system could be considered a generating facility (requiring conditional use permitting), but it would more likely be classified as a UPS system. Regarding hazardous materials, the electrolyte contains sulfuric acid in dilute concentrations. If sited in a state such as California with stringent environmental standards, the VRB-ESS® would fit into "Program 2," which requires public review but less strict regulatory requirements.